[View the story "Egypt's digital battle" on Storify ]Egypt's digital battle Is social media empowering Egypt’s political figures or its people? Storified by The Stream · Mon, Oct 29 2012 11:15:23
This visualisation shows how news of Mubarak's fall spread over Twitter in the 24 hours after he left office. Although portions of the map light up with news of Mubarak's ousting, other areas remained completely dark.
24 Hours of Mubarak on TwitterRio Akasaka
Below,
Ramesh Srinivasan , assistant professor of Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles speaks to TEDxYouth about the relationship between social media and political power. In his talk, Srinivasan questions whose voices are amplified by online tools.
tedxyouth@7thstreet-Ramesh Srinivasan - Social Media and the Egyptian Revolutiontedxyouth
Some have framed the use of social media along stark liberal and conservative political lines:
part of the blame lies with Egypt’s liberals themselves. They could organize protests and demonstrations, and act with often reckless courage to challenge the old regime. But they could not go on to rally around a single candidate, and then engage in the slow, dull, grinding work of organizing a political party that could contest an election, district by district.The Failures of the Facebook Generation in the Arab Spring - The Daily Beast
Facebook, it seems, produces a sharp, blinding flash in the pan, but it does not generate enough heat over an extended period to warm the house.The Failures of the Facebook Generation in the Arab Spring - The Daily Beast
Srinivasan has questioned this division. In July 2011, he appeared on The Stream and argued that the reach of savvy social media users goes beyond their own online circles. Srinivasan said this was due in part to the populist, nonpolitical nature of the uprising.
The Stream - Did social media oust Mubarak? - Ramesh SrinivasanAJstream
Following the fall of Mubarak and the easing of media restrictions, social media use in the country has shifted.
Activist groups such as
Mosireen have turned to on-the-ground citizen journalism to document alleged military and police brutality in what they
call a media "vacuum". Mosireen trains citizen journalists to use low-cost video recorders to document abuses.
Staticflickr
In addition to gathering information about alleged brutality, the collective shares their projects with their local communities and digital networks. Mosireen crowd-sources reports of military abuses on their "
el3askar kazeboon " or "The Military are Liars" campaign
site :
3askhar Kazeboon CampaignAJstream
In order to reach communities without internet connection, Mosireen takes screenings of their films to the streets. Below is an image from the collective's Tahrir Cinema project.
Staticflickr
In April, Mosireen founding member
Omar Robert Hamilton spoke to Journalism.co.uk about the relationship between his organisation and traditional media:
"We are both attacking state media and trying to push traditional media outlets into taking a stronger stance and backing them up in being able to show things that perhaps felt they were unable to show.How citizen video journalists in Egypt are 'pushing at traditional journalism' | Online Journalism Features | Journalism.co.uk
Hamilton explains Mosireen's projects in the video below: [WARNING: This video contains some graphic images]
Mosireen, citizen journalist collective, Cairo, EgyptJohn Thompson
Many argue that traditional and state media in Egypt have
grown increasingly conservative following June's Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan) win. Citizen journalists like Mosireen hope to use the breadth of their social media coverage to pressure media into reporting counter-narratives.
In August, Egyptian dailies left printed blank columns in protest of what they say is government intervention in the media:
Memri
In addition to engagement with traditional media, the Muslim Brotherhood adopted online platforms specifically for the Egyptian elections.
In September, Linda Herrera and Mark Lofty of Jadaliyya
published a detailed account of the Brotherhood's social media methods, particularly on Facebook. The article cites examples of online satire
campaigns against non-Brotherhood candidates, re-appropriation of revolutionary language, and the use of '
electronic militias ' to spread party talking points.
The photo below, from popular pro-revolution Facebook
page "I Dreamed of the Square Before Millions Occupied It", shows a thread with copy and pasted comments in support of the Brotherhood and President Morsi.
Jadaliyya
The Muslim Brotherhood has also used its Ikhwanweb accounts on
Facebook and
Twitter to engage in social media diplomacy. During violent protests at the US Embassy in Cairo in September, the US Embassy charged the Brotherhood with political double-discourse and
reported that the organisation's
Arabic feed included tweets that endorsed the protests:
Yimg
Egyptians addressed this double-talk by
circulating a meme of Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Banna claiming: "I'm not from the Brotherhood. I disagree with them on a lot of issues but I respect them".
Fbcdn
Revolutionary activists recognise that the Brotherhood's tactics are successful. Ahmed Maher, a co-founder of the April 6th Youth Movement told Srinivasan:
“We were the kings of social media, and now our enemies are catching up with us.”Taking power through technology in the Arab Spring - Opinion - Al Jazeera English
In an October op-ed for Al Jazeera, Srinivasan
provided this analysis:
Activists and politicians in today’s Egypt have now fully embraced the tools of social media not just to support the creation of political capital but also to subvert the competition.Taking power through technology in the Arab Spring - Opinion - Al Jazeera English
I have never been in a nation where Marxism, Islamism and militaristic authoritarianism are on as many people's lips at the same time. All these destinies and futures are possible, and are all being contested in the public sphere, which increasingly is intertwined with new digital technologies.Taking power through technology in the Arab Spring - Opinion - Al Jazeera English
Facebook
pages like the popular Brotherhood-aligned "Sorry We Are Organised" indicate the prevalence of social media in the political sphere shows little sign of diminishing:
Facebook.comAJstream